Objective- To study the comparative prevalence of haemoprotozoan disease (Theileriosis, Babesiosis and Trypanosomiasis) in cattle in Udaipur district of Rajasthan. Materials and Methods- A total of 195 cattle was screened in this study during April 2022 to November 2022 out of which 50 animals were diagnosed with haemoprotozoan infection. The most common haemoprotozoan infections diagnosed in the study area were theileriosis, babesiosis and trypanosomiasis. All these diseases were diagnosed on the bases of history of affected cattle, clinical signs and blood smear examination. Prevalence was recorded on the basis of age, sex, breed and season. Results- Cattle are most affected bovine animal by haemoprotozoan infection and the highest prevalence of theileriosis and babesiosis was found in the group above the age of 3 years i.e., .20 % and 7.77%, respectively and in case of trypanosomiasis it was group between 6 months to 2 years. Sex wise prevalence was higher in females affected by theileriosis and babesiosis than in male. In research area descript cattle (56.41%) have more haemo-protozoan infection than non-descript (43.58%) cattle. Higher prevalence was observed during the rainy season in theileriosis (16.84%) and trypanosomiasis (5.26%) and in case of Babesiosis it was summer season (12.72%)

A field experiment was conducted at Main Dry Farming Research Station, Junagadh Agricultural University; Targhadia, Gujarat during kharif seasons of 2019-20 to 2022-23 ascertain the effects of nitrogen levels and high density planting of Bt. cotton under rainfed conditions in Saurashtra region. The experiment comprising of three levels of nitrogen viz., N? -80 kg N/ha, N?– 100 kg N/ha and N? - 120 kg N/ha and four level of spacing viz., S?- 60 cm x 30 cm, S?- 60 cm x 45 cm, S?- 75 cm x 30 cm and S?- 90 cm x 30 cm was laid out in Split Plot Design and replicated thrice. On the basis of over four years data, significantly higher plant height, no. monopodia /plant, no. of sympodia /plant and no. of balls per plant were observed under treatment S?- 90 cm x 30 cm spacing. While significantly higher no. of monopodia /plant was found under application of 80 kg N/ha and other growth and yield attributes parameter was found non-significant in respect to different levels of nitrogen. Significantly higher value of seed cotton yield was recorded with treatment combination of S?- 60 cm x 30 cm spacing and N? - 120 kg N/ha. While spacing have non-significant effect on stalk yield of cotton, but application of 120 kg N/ha recorded significantly higher stalk yield of cotton. Maximum net return and B:C ratio observed under treatments S?-pacing 60 cm x 45 cm and N? - 120 kg N/ha

French Bean (Phaseolus vulgare L.), one of the most important pulse crops in the world, yields very little because of biotic or abiotic stressors. Field surveys were conducted to find out the influence of weather factors and their association with aphids population and Bean Common Mosaic Virus (BCMV) incidence in Rajmash during rabi seasons of 2018-2022 in High Altitude and Tribal Zone in Andhra Pradesh. Maximum temperature, mean relative humidity and rainfall play an important role in aphids population built-up and significantly related to its peak population. The correlation coefficients were found to be 0.78 for maximum temperature, -0.80 for mean relative humidity and -0.53 for rainfall. The preceding week weather conditions and aphids population as well as highest disease incidence week’s rainfall act as determinant for BCMV outbreak. A regression model was developed utilizing these three variables and it was found that the model explained 65 per cent variability of the BCMV outbreak. BCMV outbreak may be estimated through minimum temperature and aphids population of the 32-44?? SMW and rainfall of 32-44?? SMW. The present analysis enables scientists to devise a system to monitor and develop management strategies for the control of BCMV disease and aphids vector

Farmer Producer Organisations are based on the idea that small marginal and landless farmers, who produce agricultural goods, can organize into groups and register as companies/co-operative act. Enhancing farmer income, capacity development, entrepreneurial intent, economies of scale, developing market linkages are the goals of FPO. ICAR-IIMR formed 41 FPOs in four states. In Aland Taluka of Gulbarga, a case study was carried up to assess the function of Aland Bhootai Millets FPCL. Aland Bhootai Millets FPCL was carried out to know the birth and organizational structure of the FPO, different valued added products produced by women shareholders, various FPO activities, and also the impact of 97?? episode of Man ki Baat by Honourable Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi on business activities. Aland FPO started marketing its products through e-Commerce platforms and local markets. Most of the farmers are being benefited by purchasing chemicals and fertilizers comparatively at a lower price and selling their produce to FPO procurement centres with better prices eliminating middlemen

This paper examines the efficiency of tenant farmers and influence of tenancy on efficiency in Andhra Pradesh. Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) was employed to carry out efficiency scores followed by regression analysis was taken up to find out influence of tenancy along with the other factors on efficiency. Results observed that, technical efficiency was noticed with highest mean values and efficiency ranges. However, majority of the farmers were using minimum quantity of inputs to produce the output. Allocative efficiency and economic efficiency were observed with lower mean and efficiency ranges. It is evident that majority of the farmers had not properly allocated their inputs and finally realised more cost of production. Availability of inputs were sufficient but input allocation was varied. Moreover, results from the econometric model revealed that both tenant and owner cum tenant ownership were influencing negatively to the economic efficiency of rice in Andhra Pradesh. Accordingly, these results suggested that proper allocation of inputs with sufficient output and lower rental values will be reduced the cost of production and changed the efficiency

Sisal is one of the important fibre crops in the marginal soils of Odisha. The Sambalpur and Jharsuguda districts are known for sisal cultivation. The information on sisal soils of Odisha and of the two districts (Sambalpur and Jharsuguda) were not available. In this study, we have characterized the sisal growing soils for their physico-chemical, chemical and biological properties. The sisal growing soils are acidic in nature, with low organic carbon and available nitrogen content and available P & K status was medium. The micronutrients in sisal growing areas were sufficient. The biological properties indicated that the microbial activity is very low because of very low organic carbon status. Use of organic manure like FYM, sisal compost, green manure and use of lime can improve the soil condition and improve the fertility status of the sisal growing soils of Odisha. Further, addition of P either as SSP or rock phosphate (RP) or in a combination of SSP + RP (1:1) will increase the available P status in acid soils of Odisha. In addition to this, growing pulse crop in between the sisal rows during kharif season may improve the organic matter, available N status of soil and will also help to earn additional income from sisal + pulse intercropping

Peanut are semi-perishable and are subject to quality losses during storage through insect and rodent infestation, fungal development, flavour changes, rancidity, . Gamma (?) radiation is recognized as a techno-commercially feasible method for reducing postharvest food losses, ensuring the hygienic quality and preservation of food, extending its shelf life and facilitating wider trade. Therefore, present study was planned with the broad aim of study the effect of gamma irradiation dose (2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10.0 kGy) and storage (in sealed in 40µ pp bags) period upto 6 months on peanut (GG-20) seed and its oil quality. Physico-chemical and sensory attributes of the selected oilseeds were evaluated before and after irradiation and during storage. Samples were periodically evaluated at every 15 days interval for physico-chemical analysis of peanut seeds and their oils quality. Effect of gamma irradiation doses was significant (p<0.05) on a) moisture and oil content of the oilseeds, b) acid, iodine and peroxide values of the extracted oils. While effect was non-significant (p>0.05) on a) protein and ash content, b) sensory attributes of oilseeds, and c) physical attributes of oils such as refractive index and colour value

Northeast India is the home of diverse rice varieties. This area includes planes and hills. Forty different varieties of rice (Oryza sativa L.), collected from various regions of the hill districts of Assam, were characterized following the guidelines from the Standard evaluation system for rice (IRRI, 2013). Class intervals where the standard system is not available were chosen as per convenience. All the rice accessions were planted in a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with three replications. The data were recorded on 24 morphological/agronomic traits (15 quantitative and 9 qualitative traits). The rice germplasms exhibited sufficient genetic variation for most of the qualitative and quantitative traits

The World Health Organization considers the major causes of hospital problems to be a lack of manpower or the inefficiency of the skilled labor force. Therefore, recovering human capital is particularly important to improve health and health standards, especially in the post-COVID era. Accordingly, the present study attempts to develop a suitable model for recovering human capital to improve health standards during the post-COVID period in rural areas. The study aimed to draw attention among rural people to COVID and its unexpected crisis in order to improve the health standards of post-COVID conditions in rural areas of India and Iran. The study follows the qualitative method and content analysis (open, axial, and selective coding). The data were gathered through semi-structured interviews with experts and healthcare managers. Research validity was approved through extensive review by experts; also, the reliability evaluation of the study was assessed by reaching an agreement between Inter-Coder Reliability and using Test-retest Reliability. The results of the study indicate that the human capital needed to improve the health and health standards of post-covid villages should be managed through human capital management, individual development, and organizational development. The consequences of applying this approach to health organizations include synergistic, agility, cutting costs, and improving performance, service quality, and sustainable development. Based on the results of the conceptual model research elevating the human capital in rural areas could be an effective solution to the prevention of coronary disease

The salient findings of the study with regard to the aspirations and retention of rural youth in agriculture were studied as dependent variables. Correlation coefficient was worked out to ascertain the relationship between the independent variables such as age (r=0.185), education (r=0.653), farming experience (r=0.323), land holding (r=0.449), family occupation (r=0.420), annual income (r=0.631), social participation (r=0.378), sources of information (0.509), achievement motivation (r=0.444), economic motivation (r=0.433), self-confidence (r=0.391), benefits accrued (r=0.641) and training received (r=0.611) had positive and significant relationship with aspiration at one per cent level. Similarly, family size (r=0.129), had a positive and significant relationship with aspiration at a five percent level. The remaining variables viz., marital status (r=-0.065) had a non-significant relationship with aspiration. The independent variables such as age (r=0.195), education (r=0.661), farming experience (r=0.294), land holding (r=0.343), family occupation (r=0.420), annual income (r=0.503), social participation (r=0.457), sources of information (0.446), achievement motivation (r=0.464), economic motivation (r=0.304), self-confidence (r=0.384), benefits accrued (r=0.506) and training received (r=0.546) had positive and significant relationship with retention at one per cent level. The remaining variables viz., marital status (r=-0.054) and family size (r=0.103) had non-significant relationship with retention of rural youth in agriculture. Multiple regression analysis revealed that the coefficient of determination (R²) 66.73 per cent of the variation in aspiration of rural youth towards agriculture and 56.59 per cent of the variation in retention of rural youth in agriculture. It is worthy to mention here that out of the selected variables under the study education, farming experience and annual income had significant contributions in deciding rural youth aspiration and retention in agriculture. The sources of information and social participation also showed significant contributions in deciding rural youth aspiration towards agriculture. Family occupation, economic motivation and training received had significant contributions in deciding their retention in agriculture

A field experiment was conducted at Dry Farming Research Station, Junagadh Agricultural University, Ratia, Gujarat during Semi rabi seasons of 2016-17 to 2019-20 to ascertain the effect of nitrogen and phosphorus on yield of sorghum under conserved soil moisture in Ghed area. The experiment was laid out in a factorial randomized block design taking 12 treatments combinations of 4 levels of nitrogen (0, 20, 40 and 60 kg/ha) and 3 levels of phosphorus (0, 20 and 40 kg/ha) with 3 replications. The results revealed that the growth and yields were significantly influenced by the various treatments. On the basis of pooled results, significantly higher plant height was observed under application of 60 kg N/ha and application of phosphorus was found non-significant. The application of 60 kg N/ha and phosphorus 40 kg P?O?/ha significantly increased the grain yield and fodder yield and application of 60 kg N/ha and 20 kg P?O?/ha give maximum net returns. The pH, EC, organic carbon, available nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potash content of soil were remain unaffected due to different levels of nitrogen and phosphorus

A field experiment was conducted at Dry Farming Research Station, Junagadh Agricultural University, Ratia, Gujarat during Semi rabi seasons of 2009-10 to 2019-20 to ascertain the effect of nitrogen and phosphorus on yield of castor under conserved soil moisture in Ghed area. The experiment was laid out in a factorial randomized block design taking 12 treatments combinations of 4 levels of nitrogen (0, 20, 40 and 60 kg/ha) and 3 levels of phosphorus (0, 20 and 40 kg/ha) with 3 replications. The results revealed that the growth and yields were significantly influenced by the various treatments. On the basis of pooled results, the application of 60 kg N/ha and phosphorus 40 kg P?O?/ha significantly increased the seed yield, stalk yield and maximum net returns. The pH, EC, organic carbon, available nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potash content of soil were remain unaffected due to different levels of nitrogen and phosphorus

Cluster Front line demonstrations (CFLD) were conducted during 2017-18 and 2018-19 by Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Kurukshetra to compare the yield gap and net return between demonstrated farmers field and traditional farmers practice under irrigated condition. Yield of mustard was found higher in demonstrated farmers field over traditional farmer practices. The average yield of mustard var. RH-0749 was recorded 17.80 and 18.80 q/ha during both the year under studied respectively. Technology gap 10.95 and 9.95, extension gap 02.20 and 03.60 and technology index percent 38.09 and 34.61 was recorded during 2017-18 and 2018-19 respectively. The cost benefit ratio was found better in demonstrated field over farmer practices during both the years under studied. The yield and net return gap between demonstrated field and farmer practices was due to the farmer had not applied the scientific technology as mentioned in package of practices published by CCSHAU, Hisar from seed treatment to final maturity period of crop

The present study was conducted amongst the farmers’ self-help group in the state of Uttarakhand. As the study was in-depth and elaborative so it was decided to select total 120 respondents, 10 each from 12 self-help groups, located in 12 villages. The study aimed to compare and analyze the group decision making amongst the 12 self-help groups and identify the contributing factors for the variation in the group decision making of the selected groups. It was concluded that there was significant variation in group decision making among the selected SHGs determined by one-way ANOVA (F (11, 108) =11.15, p= 0.001). It was also inferred that among the ten indicators of group decision making, the selected SHGs varied in terms of only three indicators i.e., extent of participation in group decisions, group communication and group cohesiveness. Thus, the research suggests that the three significant factors i.e., extent of participation in group decision, group communication and group cohesiveness need to be critically emphasized for making the group decision making of the self-help groups more efficient and effective

A field experiment was carried out at Research Farm, School of Agriculture, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Jaipur during kharif season of 2022. The experiment had sixteen treatment combinations made up of four levels of sulphur (Control, 20, 40, and 60 kg ha-1) and four levels of zinc (Control, 2.5, 5.0, and 7.5 kg ha-1). It was set up in a factorial randomized block design with three replications. Results revealed that application of sulphur @ 40 kg ha-1 and Zinc @ 5.0 kg ha-1 considerably enhanced the number of pods plant-1, number of seeds pod-1, seed, straw and biological yield of cluster bean compared control and other treatments of sulphur or zinc

In Republic of Congo, the planting dynamics undertaken in the country, in connection the development of the green economy, mean that grafted plants of Citrus sp. are increasingly in demand, particularly those bearing several varieties on the same rootstock. The production of seedlings is commonly done by the chip budding technique. However, there are no data relating to citrus multistem grafting. The present study was undertaken to refine the parameters of production of plants, in particular, the height and the diameter of the rootstocks, the heights of the point of grafting. The effects of these parameters on the welding ability of the graft and the rootstock were evaluated using a completely randomized design, including ten (10) combinations with Citrus sinensis Obsk, Citrus reticulata Blanco, Citrus limon meyer L. and Citrus trifoliata L. carried by 460 bitter Citrus aurantium L. rootstocks, divided into 2 blocks. The measurements concerned the height and the diameter of the rootstocks, heights of the first and second point of grafting. The heights of the grafting points were subsequently divided into five classes and that of the rootstocks into four classes. The results obtained indicate a post-grafting mortality rate of 1.25%, the rootstocks reach, at the age of grafting, an average height of 35.93±3.67 cm and an average diameter of 5.48±0.17 mm. The best classes of heights of grafting points are between [5 and 7[ cm for the first grafting point and [6 and 11[ cm for the second grafting point. The highest welding rates in comparison with the other classes are 46.23±0.13% and 53.98±0.49% for multistem grafting and 41.02±0.13% for simple grafting. The analysis of variance at the 5% probability level showed very significant and significant effects on the welding rates (P<0.001) for the two types of grafting, respectively

Evaluation of thirteen genotypes of gladiolus was done under Bihar condition during the year 2022-23 to identify the suitable variety for commercial and quality flower production. Thirteen varieties namely white friendship, Arka Naveen, Pusa Shubham, pusa Kiran, Pricilla, Arka amar, Arka Kesar, Dhanwantri, Sovice Biscuit, Pusa Shanti, Yellow Stone, Pusa Sweta and Joska were selected for their evolution. This experiment was laid out in Randomised Block Design (RBD) with three replications. Significant difference was recorded among the evaluation gladiolus genotypes for growth and flowering attributes. The genotypes Sovice biscuit was recoded minimum day taken to sprouting (8.78) followed by Yellow Stone (10.48 days), maximum number of cormel per plant (47.33). The genotype Arka Kesar was recorded maximum plant height which (117.63 cm), maximum spike length (84.63 cm), maximum rachis length (66.86 cm), maximum number of floret (18.13), maximum Spike vase life (12.26). The genotype Dhanvantari recorded significantly higher leaf length (71.04 cm), maximum weight of corm per plant (91.55 g) and maximum corm diameter (7.03 cm). Genotype Arka Amar took minimum days taken to spike initiation (75.58 days), maximum average fresh weight of spike (59.51 g). Minimum days taken to first floret opening (92.30 days) and maximum number of corm per plant (3.22) was observed in genotype Pusa Kiran. The genotype Joska resulted in maximum spike longevity (12.33 days). The maximum number of spike per plant (3.06) was obtained in genotype Pusa Sweta. The maximum spike yield per plot was obtained in genotype Pusa Shanti (26.00). The maximum corm yield per plant (4.26) and corm yield per plot (31.33) was obtained in genotype White Friendship

Biogas is a form of clean cooking mechanism. Being an established and extensively employed global energy source, it has gained popularity on a global scale. To understand its impact on drudgery reduction of women in rural settings, this study was conducted as the title of “Impact of Biogas on Drudgery Reduction on women in Rajapur area of Pratapgarh district in Uttar Pradesh. The research taken was based on primary source of data. The research findings highlighted the significant pertinence of biogas within rural, agriculture-centric communities. From the viewpoint of women, biogas was recognized to save time and resources, improve health and sanitation conditions, facilitate effortless and sustainable operation, and offer cost-effectiveness coupled with minimal maintenance requirements. The integration of biogas technology notably contributed to alleviating the demanding and unending household tasks that women typically shoulder, thereby easing their burden. Notably, the utilization of biogas plants played a pivotal role in relieving women from their ceaseless household activities and enabling a more balanced lifestyle. The respondents confirmed that biogas is their true friend due to its help to save time, to reduce work-load, to maintain health, and to make a job convenient so Biogas use can helpful to reduce drudgery of women

A study was undertaken to delineate status of available nutrients, chemical properties and fractionation of phosphorus in soils of seven district of North Gujarat. Total 305 representative surface soil samples were collected (2016) using random sampling. The soil samples were analyzed for available nutrients (N, P, K and S), physico-chemical properties viz., soil texture, pH, EC, O.C., CaCO? and fractions of P. Soils of North Gujarat region are slightly acidic to basic in reaction with pH 6.3 to 9.15 (7.86). EC 0.6 to 1.67 (0.49) dS m-1. The organic carbon 0.25 to 8.90 (3.81) g kg-1; calcium carbonate 2.5 to 182.5 (25.93) g kg-1. Available N 27.93 to 209.44 (95.32) mg kg-1, available P 6.61 to 52.93 (21.71) mg kg-1, available K 47.86 to 430.85 (158.890 mg kg-1, available S 5.35 to 73.15 (22.44) mg kg-1. The sand, silt and clay content were 50 to 95 (86.27) %, 2.50 to 37.50 (6.67) % and 2.50 to 30 (7.14) %, respectively. The major soils were loamy sand in texture. The Saloid P content in the soil samples 16.35 to 98.54 (43.95) mg kg-1. The Al-P content 13.55 to 69.02 (39.62) mg kg-1, Fe-P 48.95 to 149.35 (100.80) mg kg-1, Ca-P 52.42 to 203.11 (96.66) mg kg-1, Occluded P 3.85 to 14.35 (10.76) mg kg-1 and Reductant soluble P 4.76 to 59.50 (31.08) mg kg-1. The inorganic P fractions were decreasing order Fe-P>Ca-P>Saloid P>Al-P>RS-P>Occluded P. The total inorganic P 194.54 to 390.76 (322.87) mg kg-1, organic P 98.25 to 288.15 (149.36) mg kg-1, total P 366.12 to 610.20 (472.23) mg kg-1 and available P 6.61 to 52.93 (21.71) mg kg-1. It was indicated that inorganic P fractions were active (68.28 %) as compared to organic P (31.72 %) of soil towards the total P content of soils of North Gujarat region

A soil survey of north Gujarat region was undertaken to know the status of available nutrients, chemical properties and fractionation of potassium in soils of seven district of North Gujarat. Total 305 representative surface soil samples were collected from farmer’s fields during April-2016 using multistage stratified random sampling. The soil samples were analyzed for available physico-chemical properties and fractions of potassium adopting standard analytical procedures. Soils of North Gujarat region are slightly acidic to basic in reaction with pH varied from 6.3 to 9.15 with mean value 7.86. EC range from 0.6 to 1.67 dS m-1 with mean value 0.49. The organic carbon content was 0.25 to 8.90 g kg-1 with mean 3.81 g kg-1, the calcium carbonate content was 2.5 to 182.5 g kg-1 with mean 25.93 g kg-1. As regards available nutrients viz; available N (27.93 to 209.44 mg kg-1) with mean 95.32 mg kg-1, available P (6.61 to 52.93 mg kg-1) with mean 21.71 mg kg-1, available K (47.86 to 430.85 mg kg-1) with mean 158.89 mg kg-1, available S (5.35 to 73.15 mg kg-1) with mean 22.44 mg kg-1. The sand, silt and clay content in the soil varied from (50 to 95 %) with mean 86.27 %, (2.50 to 37.50 %) with mean6.67 % and (2.50 to 30 %) with mean 7.14 % respectively. The soils were having high sand content indicating that the soils were loamy sand in texture. The water soluble K content in the soil samples varied from 1.50 to 24.33 mg kg-1 with a mean value of 5.38 mg kg-1, nitric acid soluble K range from 114 to 888 mg kg-1 with a mean 408.53 mg kg-1, exchangeable K range from 33.80 to 422.17 mg kg-1 with mean 153.21 mg kg-1, reserve K range from 2.40 to 776.27 mg kg-1 with a mean 249.94 mg kg-1 and total k range from 1004 to 5061 mg kg-1 with a mean of 1945.74 mg kg-1. The total k content in soils vary from 1753.73 mg kg-1 (Aravali) to 2468.69 mg kg-1 (Patan). The water-soluble K content in soils range from 3.01 mg kg-1 (Sabarkantha) to 8.84 mg kg-1 (Mehsana) and contribute 0.28 per cent towards the total k content of soils of North Gujarat region. Nitric acid soluble k content in soils range from 357.71 mg kg-1 (Banaskantha) to 446.89 mg kg-1 (Patan) and contributed 21.17 per cent towards the total k. Exchangeable K content in soils range from 130.83 mg kg-1 (Banaskantha) to 179.55 mg kg-1 (Sabarkantha) and contributed 7.92 per cent of total K. Reserve K content range from 220.11 mg kg-1 (Banaskantha) to 273.01 mg kg-1 (Aravalli) and contributed 12.96 per cent towards total K