We use maximum likelihood models to analyse the impact of female education on labour force participation and the choice of the employment type. The data were obtained from the Uganda Demographic and Health Survey 2006. Our results confirm the hypothesis that female education (at post-secondary level) increases the probability of female labour force participation. Additionally, female education at the secondary and post-secondary levels increases the likelihood of being engaged in wage employment. Measures to educate women beyond secondary level are greatly needed to increase female labour force participation and the choice towards wage employment.

This article examines the validity of purchasing power parity (PPP) hypothesis using panel methods for five founding members of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) in US dollar and Japanese Yen. A range of heterogeneous panel unit root tests and panel cointegration analysis used in literature applied to test long run PPP for post Bretton Woods floating period (1980-2007). This study shows that a sequence of unit root tests does not favour mean reversion and found mixed result for Singapore. This outcome, however, might be due to generally limited power of conventional classical unit root test. Nevertheless, the PPP proposition seems to hold for post financial crises period (post-1997) in US and Japan as base country. Consequently, this study is broadly consistent with Baharumshah et al. (2007) results, invariant to numeraire currency, of mean reversion, mainly supporting PPP for Asian crises era. Furthermore, present study has used recent developed heterogeneous panel cointegration tests and found significant cointegration between nominal exchange rate, domestic and foreign prices. However, the results provide more evidence for ASEAN-5 in Japanese based in favour of cointegration in long run compared with US dollar is the numeraire currency.

The instability and volatility of labour force participation in the United Kingdom over the last 39 years is examined. It is based on data obtained from the Labour Force Survey by the Office for National Statistics, at a disaggregated level, for males, ages 16 to 64, and females, ages 16 to 59, separately. Throughout four decades, the volatility of female employment levels is twice that of male employment. In contrast, the volatility in job growth appears to be minimal and similar in both men and women. Applying the unit root tests, cointegration, error-correction-model, and volatility model on the employment series, four main findings are suggested. First, the employment level appears to be mean-diverting, while the job growth appears to be mean-reverting. Second, the job growth reconfirms the mean-reversion in its volatility and the volatility clustering exists in it. Third, the level of employment and job growth in the male work force shows Granger causality on the female job growth and the level of employment. Last, the production and stock market levels might not be directly attributable to the levels of employment; perhaps other new jobs in the services industries like retail and health are more of an influencing factor.