Small and medium agro-based enterprises (SMAEs) in Malaysia is progressing parallel with the developed nations’ direction in 2020. The progress in this sector could be enhanced with the support of strategic entrepreneurship variables. Entrepreneurial orientation, knowledge, business network, technology, strategy and perceived environmental factors showed significant impact on growth, efficiency and effectiveness of the SMAEs. A total of 615 observations were collected from owner or manager of multi sectoral SMAEs. The study substantiated specific EO patterns among SMAEs between regional growth corridors (RGCs) on the peninsular. EO among SMAEs in Malaysia shows some forms of strategic entrepreneurship. Knowledge, network and EO were important determinants for SMAEs’ growth, efficiency and effectiveness. Moreover, social network showed significant intervening effect for higher SMAEs effectiveness when EO was used. Presence of technology, strategy and perceived environment justified higher SMAEs’ growth, efficiency and effectiveness when knowledge, network and EO were utilized.

As evidence demonstrates that various structural and lifestyle changes resulting from the transition from industrialism to post industrialism have been transforming the value mix of advanced industrial societies, there are reasons to suppose that more developed states may contain higher levels of value diversity and that this may have implications for political support. Using the World Values Surveys (1981-2000) I examine whether variations in economic development are associated with differences in value diversity, as well as whether higher levels of value diversity are linked to lower levels of support for people in government.

The real challenge of any federation is to eliminate intra-regional vertical and horizontal fiscal inequalities. During the last decade disparity between Centre and the States and among the States increased, and became economically and politically important. This situation resulted due to globalization and privatization. Here in this context the role of government and other financial institutions increased and has to work according to changing phase. The Fiscal and Monetary Policies need to be modified and some major reforms are must to accelerate the path of economic development. In India the major normative concern of policy structuring is equality and efficiency. The aim of this paper is to focus on role of grants-in-aid (GIA) devolution from Finance Commission (FC) to States and to study the rationale, trend and prospects for balancing the fiscal imbalance through this mode. Secondary data has been used in this study. . In few FCS GIA transfers favor developed states which are issues of great concern. No single policy can be very effective for a very long period in vibrant large and variegated country like India. The paper recommends for increasing the share of GIA to all backward States to reduce vertical and horizontal fiscal imbalances for overall economic development and optimizing social welfare of the entire economy .The parameters to judge the needs of the states should be made mainly on population below poverty line (BPL) and the stage of development of the concerned state. The remedial measures are suggested for policy reforms.

This paper investigates and compares free cash flows (FCF) in firms listed in TSE with an emphasis on earning management (EM). Major purpose of this study is the investigation of difference among FCFs in TSE with an emphasis on EM. Annual financial statements are used for collecting research data. FCF and EM variables data are measured by Len and Poulsen (1989) model and modified Jones model, respectively. Data sample consists of financial statements during the period of 2004-2010. The results of the study show positive significant relationship between EM and FCF. In other words, firm's FCF can motivate EM. Moreover, findings from Levin test indicate that mentioned relationship is more significant for the firms with high FCF than ones with low FCF.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the underground economy in the Caribbean coutries for the period 1970-2009, using annual data with a panel approach, including a set of social and institutional variables (the degree of urbanization, the Index of Globalization, the Index of Participation and the Index of Competition). After a brief introduction, a survey of the economic literature on this issue is shown, before estimating the determinants of the underground economy. The higher tax burden, the higher the tax evasion and higher currency holdings relative to M2. Some notes on the policy implications of this analysis conclude the paper.

In this research major areas of strategy development for auto component manufacturers to improving competitiveness in globalised market are been studied. The purpose of this study is to analyse different aspects of strategy development for enhancing exports relating to the Indian auto component sector, set within a globalised economy. It examines the strategies development for quality improvement, cost reduction, investment and competency development.

This study aims to estimate the production function of the whole small-scale industry based on Y=ALαKβ of kaab Dogloss the property of which is its being a nonlinear Regression. In order to find that what an industry we must set up in a village or on what kind of industry we must invest to obtain a maximum value added product and increase the employment there, we must know the characteristics of that industry, learn about the bearings or tolerances of the investment and employment and see how many employment, we can create by such and such investment. Besides, we should obtain the profitability of each production factors (Labour & investment) to determine that we must invest on what type of industry to turn to our advantages. For such purpose, what seems is that we should get the production function in an industry as required and then analyze it.

Three generations of workforce has emerged in the ever progressive and dynamics world. The shifting power of work force in these three generations has given a great significant in performance of an organization, in this case the Institution of Higher Learning (IHLs). This does not exclude Malaysia as it is emerging as one of the many countries with high investment and focus on IHLs. IHLs in 21st century must recognize the important and impact of generations shift. Generation Y work force in IHLs is the new influence power of shift. Knowing and acknowledging the significant contribution of generation Y and their aspiration is a challenge for every IHLs. Therefore being sensitive towards generation Y will determine the progressive success of IHLs. Generation Y academicians in IHLs in their junior level has been increasing and factors such as demographic, Key Performance Index (KPI), quality research paper and other requirement by the government will play a vital role in sustaining and retaining the young academicians. Mobility of work force particularly generation Y has been a common trend and it’s determined their staying power as well as their growth. The uniqueness of this paper focuses on the literature of generation Y, its sustainability and retaining of young academicians in IHLs.